Can EEG differentiate between CAE and JAE?

Background and Rationale: Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) are generalized epilepsy syndromes characterized by generalized spike-wave discharges. Although their clinical features and age of onset differ, quantitative differences in the characteristics of epileptiform discharges may provide additional objective markers for differentiating these syndromes. Research Question: What are the differences in spike-wave paroxysms between patients with CAE and JAE? Methods: This will be a retrospective observational study of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CAE or JAE. The first available diagnostic EEG recording obtained at or around the time of diagnosis will be analysed. EEG recordings will be reviewed using a standardized protocol. Quantitative characteristics of generalized spike-wave paroxysms will be compared between CAE and JAE, including spike-wave frequency (Hz), individual paroxysm duration (seconds), discharge density (number or cumulative duration of paroxysms per unit recording time), and number of spike-wave paroxysms. Additional EEG characteristics, including maximum frequency, frequency variability, and presence of prolonged discharges, may also be assessed. Analysis: Variables will be compared between groups using appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests. Multivariable analysis may be performed to determine whether EEG characteristics independently distinguish CAE from JAE, adjusting for relevant clinical factors such as age and sex.